The Compatibility of Faith and Reason
Excerpted from Ken’s new book, 7 Truths That Changed the World
Theists and atheists do reason differently about God and the world. A common skeptical objection to the enterprise of Christian apologetics is that believers engage in a god-of-the-gaps form of reasoning. This charge means that the Christian theist typically attributes gaps in (especially) scientific knowledge to something God has done. For example, when science can’t explain how the universe came into being or how life originated on Earth, the Christian apologist is quick to point to God as the cause or explanation.Thus the skeptic’s accusation is that Christians do nothing more than give their ignorance a name—“God.” No real and adequate explanation, says the skeptic, is provided by simply appealing to God as a cause or source.
The atheistic naturalist (a person who believes that the physical cosmos is the ultimate reality) assumes that, given enough time, scientific exploration will discover a naturalistic explanation for whatever is now inexplicable….Dawkins and other naturalists say that attributing scientific mysteries to God is illegitimate and even stifles scientific discovery. Ironically, [the atheists’ approach] might be called “naturalism-of-the-gaps” reasoning….
Regardless of the course taken by naturalists, most sophisticated Christian theists refrain from dependence on a god-of-the-gaps form of reasoning. Rather, Christian scholars tend to appeal to God as an inference to the best explanation. This form of logical reasoning resembles the way detectives, lawyers, historians, and scientists reason. For example, scientists sometimes postulate ideas that are unobservable in order to explain the data that is observed (consider for example dark matter and dark energy). This approach posits the biblical God as the best explanation for all the significant realities in life.
Christian thinkers do not naïvely assume divine activity or intervention as an explanation for whatever humans cannot yet explain, but rather offer a genuine explanatory theory for the nature of life’s realities. For many, inference to the best explanation (abduction) serves as the most powerful and cogent approach to explaining reality.